What it is
Diabetes means the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood stays higher than normal. It happens when the body doesn't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin properly.
- Type 2 diabetes is the most common form. It usually develops gradually and is linked to family history, weight and activity levels.
- Type 1 diabetes happens when the body stops making insulin. It often starts in childhood or early adulthood and always needs insulin treatment.
- Gestational diabetes is raised blood sugar first found during pregnancy. It needs close monitoring to protect both mother and baby.
Left uncontrolled, high blood sugar can gradually damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Good control lowers these risks.
Common symptoms
- Feeling very thirsty and passing urine often
- Tiredness and weakness
- Losing weight without trying
- Blurred vision
- Cuts or infections that heal slowly
- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Many people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms at first, which is why testing matters.
When to see a specialist
- A blood test shows high sugar or a raised HbA1c
- Your blood sugar stays high despite medicines
- You have frequent low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)
- You have diabetes or raised sugar and are pregnant or planning a pregnancy
- You have a family history of diabetes, or other risks such as excess weight or PCOS
- You notice problems with your eyes, feet, kidneys or blood pressure
Treatment and management
Diabetes care is planned around each person. It usually combines:
- Regular monitoring: HbA1c tests and home glucose checks, as advised
- Food and activity: practical changes that fit everyday meals and routines
- Medicines: tablets, insulin or other injectable treatments when needed
- Screening for complications: eyes, kidneys, feet, blood pressure and cholesterol
- Education: handling low sugar, sick days and fasting safely
Never stop or change diabetes medicines on your own.
How an endocrinologist helps
As an endocrinologist and diabetologist, Dr. Marium Zaman reviews your history, examination and test results, explains what they mean, and agrees a treatment plan with you. Follow-up visits adjust the plan over time, with a strong focus on helping you understand your condition so you can manage it confidently day to day.
