What it is
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition in women of reproductive age. It involves irregular or absent ovulation, higher levels of androgens (hormones often thought of as male hormones) and, in many women, insulin resistance.
Despite the name, not everyone with PCOS has cysts on the ovaries, and small follicles on an ultrasound don't by themselves mean PCOS. The diagnosis is based on symptoms, examination, blood tests and, when needed, an ultrasound.
PCOS affects more than periods. It raises the long-term risk of type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol and other metabolic problems, so it deserves ongoing care.
Common symptoms
- Irregular, infrequent or absent periods
- Excess hair on the face, chest or back
- Acne or oily skin
- Thinning hair on the scalp
- Weight gain, especially around the waist
- Darkened skin in the neck or armpits (acanthosis nigricans)
- Difficulty getting pregnant
When to see a specialist
- Your periods are irregular or have stopped (and you aren't pregnant)
- Facial or body hair is increasing, or acne won't clear
- You are finding it hard to conceive
- You have PCOS and are gaining weight, or have raised blood sugar or cholesterol
- You were told you have PCOS from an ultrasound alone and want a proper assessment
Treatment and management
There's no one-off cure for PCOS, but symptoms and long-term risks can be managed well. Care may include:
- Lifestyle changes: even modest weight loss can improve periods and hormone balance
- Regulating periods: hormonal or other medicines, depending on your plans and health
- Treating insulin resistance, where present
- Treating excess hair growth and acne
- Fertility support: planning, and referral when pregnancy is wanted
- Regular checks: blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure
The right plan depends on your main concern, whether that's periods, skin, weight or pregnancy.
How an endocrinologist helps
Dr. Marium Zaman first makes sure the problem really is PCOS, because other hormone conditions, such as thyroid disease or high prolactin, can look similar. Treatment is then planned around what matters most to you, with regular checks for diabetes and other metabolic risks.
